Introduction:
Memory recall or retrieval is remembering the information or events that
were previously encoded and stored in the brain. Retrieval is the third step in
the processing of memory, with first being the encoding of memory and second,
being the storage of the memory. Retrieval of the encoded and stored memory is
very important because otherwise there is no point in storing information.
Types of Memory
Recall
There are three main types of memory recall. We will discuss all of them
one by one.
·
Free
Recall
In free recall, the person recalls a list of items in any order. There
are three types of effects seen in free recall. First, the primacy effect
refers to recalling the items presented at the beginning of the list or the
items presented more often on the list. Second, the recency effect refers to
recalling recent items in the list or the items presented at the end of the
list. Third, the cognitive effect refers to the recalling of things
successively which are in neighboring positions.
·
Cued
Recall
Cued recall refers to recalling a list of items by using cues and
guides. In cued recall, people more often remember the things which they do not
remember in free recall. Cues help in retrieval of those memories which are
thought to be lost. There is more chance of recalling an item when it has a
strong link with the cue. The information can also be presented in the form of
pairs of pictures and numbers, and the first thing cues the recall of the
second thing in the pair.
·
Serial
Recall
Serial recall refers to the recalling of items or events in the order of
their occurrence. In this way, recalling previous item cues to the recall of
the next item in the list. It is especially helpful in recalling life events in
their chronological order.
There is a difference in serial recall of short-term and long-term
memory. It has been seen in different studies that more recently happened
events are more easily remembered in order. The memory recall decreases when
the items increase on the list. Primacy effect and recency effect are also
observed in serial recall.
Theories:
·
Two-stage
Theory
The two-stage theory explains the process of recalling a memory.
According to this theory, the first stage in the process of recall is research
and retrieval of information from the storage. The next step is recognition of
the correct information from what has been retrieved.
According to some scientists, recognition is superior to recall because
it involves only one process while recall involves two processes. So, the
recall is susceptible to more errors. But some scientists argue that recall is
superior to recognition in some cases. An example of this may include failure
to recognize words that can later be recalled.
·
Encoding
Specificity
The encoding specificity theory is more advanced than the two-stage
theory. According to this theory, the memory utilizes information both from
memory trace or the situation in which it was encoded as well as the situation,
context, or environment in which it is retrieved.
It means that if the situation or environment of learning and retrieving
is the same, there is more chance of successfully recalling the information.
So, if you are a student and you go to the hall where your exams are held every
year and study your books in that hall, you will probably score more numbers on
the exam.
In the same way, people tend to remember an emotional thing in the mood
that matches the emotional memories. For example, a person in a happy mood
remembers happy memories.
How
does memory recall works?
Encoding, storing, and retrieving information are all steps in the
complicated cognitive process of memory recall.
— Encoding: Encoding is the
initial stage of memory formation, during which information is converted into a
format that can be stored in the brain.
— Storage: After encoding, the
information is stored in the brain for future retrieval. Storage can be
short-term or long-term, depending on the strength and durability of the memory
trace.
— Retrieval: Retrieval is the final
stage of the memory process, during which information is accessed and brought
to conscious awareness. Recall can be spontaneous, as in free recall, or
facilitated by external cues, as in cued recall.
Examples of recall:
— Recalling the name of a person or answering to a question
are some examples of recall.
— In recall, all the neurons involved in the memory are activated and they reconstruct the memory.
Recognition:
— Recognition is identifying something you learned previously and is therefore stored in some manner in memory.
Examples of recognition:
·
If you're working with a client to close a
deal, you have to automatically recognize the client, what the deal is, and
remember all of the documents that you need in order to close the deal. Any
kind of mistake in recognition may cause you both to waste time, effort, and
you risk the possibility of upsetting the client.
·
During an exam, it's important that
the student correctly recognize what a certain question is referring to. If the
student isn't able to recognize the chapter or information that the question is
asking about, it may lead to them failing the test.
·
When you're driving on the road, you have to be able
to recognize what road you're on in order to take the right exit and direct
your attention towards other, more important elements. Also, recognizing
traffic signs is essential to driving safely and following the law.
·
If someone greets you on the
street, you have to use your recognition to know where you know them from and
use either their voice or face to identify who it is.
Recognition-a type of
memory:
— Recognition is a type of memory or "recovery". This recovery or
memory is made up by the access of past information stored in our memory. These
memory processes were classically studied with a list of words or images that
the subject had to memorize and later remember.
Pathologies and
disorders associated with recognition problems:
— Making recognition errors every once in a while is no cause for alarm. It
is normal and quite common. A deficit in recognition is characterized by an
increase in both false positive and false negative recognition. A real
recognition problem will likely make it difficult to do a large part of your
daily activities.
— Someone with poor recognition might have a hard time accessing the
information and memories stored in the brain. One of the most common diseases
associated with recognition is Alzheimer's Disease, but other late stage
dementias may have similar problems. Alterations in recognition are also common
in disorders like schizophrenia, or dyscalculia. Anyone who has
suffered brain injury, like stroke or chronic traumatic
encephalopathy may present with signification recognition alterations.
How to measure and
assess recognition?
— Recognition makes it possible to easily and efficiently carryout daily
tasks, which is why evaluating it and knowing your recognition level can be
helpful in a variety of areas:
§ Academic, as it will help understand if a child will have trouble
recognizing rules and formulas
§ Clinical/Medicine, as it will help a doctor know if a patient will have
trouble recognizing their medication, family, or home
Finally understanding recognition can be helpful
in Professional areas, as it will help understand if an employee will
be able to recognize and work with material or clients.
Difference between
Recall and Recognition:
Recall is the mental search of information, whereas
recognition is the mental familiarity with information. When a person recalls a
piece of information, they think back to any memories related to the desired
piece of information until they have it. People use recall to define words.
When a person recognizes a piece of information, though, they do not have to
think back to any memories related to the desired piece of information, because
they are already familiar with it. People use recognition to navigate through
their neighborhood.
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